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Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?


A) Rhythm
B) Semantics
C) Sound
D) Structure

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?


A) "Because he always jogs"
B) "Because he always jogs a mile"
C) "he always jogs"
D) "a mile seems"

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's


A) lexicon.
B) parser.
C) syntactical capacity.
D) mental set.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as


A) anaphoric inferencing.
B) phonemic restoration.
C) garden pathing.
D) syntactic priming.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on


A) the identification of a single meaning for that word.
B) the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.
C) the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence.
D) a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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The constraint-based approach to parsing states that


A) semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence.
B) semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.
C) the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing.
D) semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.


A) the cooperative principle
B) local connections
C) environmental context
D) instrumental inferences

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to


A) separate a sentence into individual words.
B) decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.
C) identify words that are contained in sentences.
D) decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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The given-new contract is a method for creating


A) comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.
B) children's mastery of syntax.
C) resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence.
D) anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying


A) language comprehension.
B) language acquisition.
C) speech production.
D) speech parsing.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Noam Chomsky proposed that


A) humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.
B) language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement.
C) as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before.
D) the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ____________________ is involved.


A) whether semantics
B) whether syntax
C) when semantics
D) when syntax

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Coherence refers to the


A) mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text.
B) principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context.
C) mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading.
D) representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)


A) instrument inference.
B) garden path sequence.
C) global connection.
D) anaphoric inference.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the ____________________ approach to parsing.


A) semantic
B) temporary ambiguity
C) garden path
D) interactionist

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E?


A) Prosody
B) Tonic
C) Heuristics
D) Entrainment

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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If human speech is just an ongoing stream of sounds, how are computerized voice recognition systems able to function effectively? What "human" capabilities and qualities do they need to be programmed with? Give examples to support your thinking.

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Computerized voice recognition system fa...

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Define inference as it applies to text processing. Write a sample narrative paragraph that includes examples of anaphoric inference, instrument inference, and causal inference. Identify and describe each occurrence.

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Inference with text processing is the co...

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Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?


A) Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.
B) The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the room.
C) The cats won't bake.
D) The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context) , they could identify


A) 100 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.
B) 50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.
C) 50 percent of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs.
D) none of the words spoken by others.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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