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In everyday life, changes in consciousness may accompany


A) long-distance running.
B) listening to music.
C) making love.
D) all of these.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Temporary insomnia is most often caused by


A) the use of non-prescription sleeping pills.
B) worry, stress, and excitement.
C) the use of prescribed sedatives.
D) eating starchy foods before going to bed.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Microsleep would most likely occur


A) during Stage 4 sleep.
B) in a three to one ratio to microawakenings.
C) in conjunction with delusions and hallucinations.
D) during sleep deprivation.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Carla's sleep is being monitored in a research lab.The assistant notices that Carla's EEG shows a high presence of sleep spindles.It can be concluded that Carla is in


A) REM.
B) Stage 1 of NREM.
C) Stage 2 of NREM.
D) Stage 3 of NREM.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?


A) Most people who have not slept for two or three days can still do interesting or complex mental tasks.
B) If a task is monotonous, such as factory work, no amount of sleep loss is safe.
C) If you go without sleep for 30 hours, you will need to sleep for 30 hours straight to recover completely.
D) If you lose just one hour of sleep a night, it can affect your mood, memory, ability to pay attention, and even your health.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Relaxation exercises, recommended for stress management, produce a very relaxed, though still awake state, characterized by


A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) omega waves.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Regarding REM and NREM sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE?


A) Stage 4 periods typically include a shift into REM sleep.
B) NREM sleep is dream free about 90 percent of the time.
C) For adults, REM periods add up to about 50 percent of total sleep time.
D) Humans are the only animals that show REM sleep.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following persons is/are attempting to alter his or her state of consciousness?


A) A Navajo elder gives his congregation peyote tea, a sacrament in the Native American church.
B) A college student spends a day walking through the wilderness in a quiet state of mindfulness meditation.
C) An artist spends two hours in a floatation chamber to clear her head.
D) All of these persons are attempting to alter his or her state of consciousness.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Carlos suffers from REM behavior disorder, which involves Carlos


A) experiencing REM rebound with vivid nightmares.
B) snoring loudly, holding his breath, and then gasping for air.
C) lacking muscle paralysis, which permits him to thrash about and act out his dreams.
D) having sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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When a person is shut off from the world, such that he or she cannot even tell what time it is by light or dark for several days, this person's sleep-waking cycle will


A) stay exactly as it was since this cycle is innate and cannot be modified.
B) shorten to an average of about 20 hours.
C) lengthen to about 25 hours.
D) become completely disrupted.

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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